Research on Haiti - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1081 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? HAITI: IT’S PAST AND PRESENT Haiti is the second largest Caribbean Island. It occupies a third of the western part of the island it shares with the Dominican Republic. Haiti is also made up of several islands that surround the main territory. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research on Haiti" essay for you Create order The capital is Port-au-Prince. It rains between November and March in the North of the island and between May and October in the South. â€Å"Once covered by forest, the country has been heavily logged for wood and fuel and to clear land for farming, and is now largely deforested. † Haiti is divided into â€Å"nine administrative departments. Besides the capital, other important cities are Cap-Haitien and Gonaives. â€Å"Haiti is the most densely populated country in Latin America and has the lowest per capital income, with about half the people unemployed and three quarters living in the severest poverty. † Agriculture is the main economic activity in Haiti. The main crops grown are cassava, rice, sugarcane, sorghum, yams, corn, and plantains. The main exports are coffee, cotton, sugar, sisal, bauxite, and essences. The most predominant religion is Roman Catholicism. Catholicism is enshrined in the Haitian constitution as the official state religion, and between 80 an d 85% of Haitians are Catholics. † The religion of Voodoo is also practiced. â€Å"Vodou encompasses several different traditions, and consists of a mix encompassing African, European and indigenous  Taino  religious elements. † It is unknown how many people practice Voodoo, but many practice it along with their Christian faith. Haiti has a rich culture that comes mostly from voodoo tribes. Haitian culture is a mixture of French, African elements, and native  Taino, with influence from the colonial Spanish. The countrys customs essentially are a blend of cultural beliefs that derived from the various ethnic groups that inhabited the island of Hispaniola. † â€Å"In nearly all aspects of modern Haitian society however, the European and African elements dominate. Haiti is world famous for its  distinctive art, notably painting and sculpture. † The  Dominican War  of Independence gave the  Dominican Republic  independence from  Haiti. Before the war, the whole island of Hispaniola had belonged to Haiti for 22 years. The Dominican War of Independence of 1844 was led by twenty year old Juan Pablo Duarte. Duarte along with Matias Ramon Mella and Francisco del Rosario Sanchez formed a group they called La Trinitaria or the Trinity. They recruited many people and kept their actions very secret to avoid detection by any Haitian authorities. The group was eventually discovered and it was forced to change its name to La Filantropica or The Philanthropic. The group continued to make trouble for the Haitians. In 1843 the group had a break as it worked with a â€Å"liberal Haitian party† they were able to overthrow the president. Their success continued and on February 27, 1844, Dominican rebels seized the Fortaleza Ozama in Santo Domingo. Within days all Haitian officials left Santo Domingo. The war continued and the Dominican Republic continued to defend against Haitian attacks. The Republic went on to win more wars against Haiti’s attacks. â€Å"In November 6, 1844 a  Constituent assembly  drafted a  constitution, based on the Haitian and United States models, which established separation of powers and legislative checks on the executive. † The war continued throughout September and November  of 1845. The war for independence was foreseeable as tensions built over the twenty two years in which Haiti had control of the island. The relationship between Haitians and the Dominican Republic deteriorated as â€Å"Haitians monopolized government power, severed the church’s ties with Rome, forced out the traditional ruling class, and all but obliterated the western European and Hispanic traditions. † â€Å"In addition, Haitian troops arbitrarily confiscated foodstuffs and other supplies, and ethnic tensions caused further resentment. Many Dominican  historians have painted a picture of this period as cruel and barbarous. The aftermath of Haiti’s earthquake has had a clear devastating impact on the capital, Port-au-Prince. â€Å"The National Palace, the Cathedral, the Ministry of Justice and other important Government offices have been destroyed. Hotels, hospitals, schools and the national penitentiary have all suffered extensive damage. Buildings and infrastructur e were heavily damaged throughout the capital. Basic services such as water and electricity have collapsed almost entirely. The remaining areas of Haiti appear to be largely unaffected. The destruction that the earthquake has caused is massive and the country is still very visibly shaken up as the casualties were vast, the destruction of homes immense, the water supply is short, and there are shortages of essential items. â€Å"Over 222,570 people have died, 300,572 injured and a staggering 2. 3 million, nearly one quarter of the population, displaced. The government lost thousands of civil servants and most of their key infrastructure was destroyed. Haiti’s present day situation is very grim. If you visit Haiti today it seems as if the earthquake had just taken place. Less than four percent of the debris has been cleared, 1. 6 million people are still living in tents, and all of this is â€Å"despite $1. 8 billion in earthquake aid, according to US government and United Na tions figures. † Haiti’s government is going to receive a â€Å"significant portion† of aid and its leaders will be left to figure out how to spend the money and where to distribute it. Unfortunately, this is of concern because even â€Å"before the earthquake, the Haitian government could not provide basic services such as education and health care to most of the nations’ nine million people. † Currently, sanitary conditions are unbearable as â€Å"women use newspapers to control menstruation. Babies do not have diapers, and many are sick. † However, there has been progress. Some progress includes: the distribution of emergency shelters to over 1. 5 million people and of food to 4. million Haitians; more than one million people have access to drinkable water daily; and over 900,000 people have been vaccinated so far. Due to the vaccinations there have not been any major increases in the camps. Haiti still has a very long way to go in rebuilding but the one thing that can be said is that there seems to be a lot of organizations trying to help. With these organizations in place, the Haitian people can only hope that with a plan in order their cur rent grim situation will change in the future. WORKS CITED * â€Å"History of Haiti. † Encyclopaedia Britannica. 010. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 16 Aug. 2010. ;https://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/251987/history-of-Haiti; * â€Å"Dominican Republic. † Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 16 Aug. 2010. https://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/168728/Dominican-Republic * â€Å"Haiti: 6 months after. † United Nations Development Programme. 12 July 2010. https://www. undp. org/haiti/doc/Haiti_6months_after. pdf * â€Å"Haiti Earthquake of 2010. † Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 16 Aug. 2010. ;

Cancer And The Floor Of The Mouth - 863 Words

Cancer of the floor of the mouth occurs when cells under your tongue become abnormal and start to grow out of control. This usually starts in very thin, flat cells that line the surface of your mouth (squamous cells). Cancer cells can spread and form a mass of cells called a tumor. The cancer may spread deeper into the floor of the mouth, or it may spread to other areas of the body (metastasize). RISK FACTORS The exact cause of cancer of the floor of the mouth is not known, but there are a number of risk factors that can increase your chances of getting cancer of the floor of the mouth. This condition is more likely to develop in: †¢ People who use tobacco products, including cigarettes, chewing tobacco, or e-cigarettes. Tobacco use is the number one risk factor of cancer of the tonsils. †¢ Men. †¢ People who are older than 50 years. †¢ People who drink alcohol excessively. †¢ People with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. †¢ People with poor oral hygiene (not brushing or flossing your teeth regularly). SYMPTOMS Symptoms of this condition include: †¢ A lump or an open sore (ulcer) on the floor of your mouth that does not heal and may be painless. †¢ A white or red patch on the floor of your mouth. This might show up before an ulcer appears, or it might be next to an ulcer. †¢ Pain in your mouth or ear. †¢ Bad breath. †¢ Loose teeth. 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Mental Health Issues Of Vietnam Veterans - 1595 Words

Society does not accommodate the needs of Veterans in terms of housing and health services upon returning to civilian life. Vietnam veterans are infamously known for being homeless and having a host of mental health issues. Today’s veterans have more support systems but the success of those systems may vary from region to region. In the Puget Sound region there are many homeless veterans despite efforts made by communities and municipalities. Issues of access to health care and inadequate community support intersect to form an underserved group of citizens who served in the military. Those who serve in the military are the often purported to be the ideal citizens who dedicate their lives to service. Veterans however are displaced and unable to fit within society without an array of different services. Veterans have engaged in the duty â€Å"to kill others for the sake of the political community† in order to secure their living and membership within society (Yuval-Davis, 2012:208). 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International Journal of Computer Application - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. Different technology of Wireless LAN like IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, etc. has different merits. Research any 4 WLAN technologies in details and pay specific attention to how they are used as well their strengths and weakness. Provide an opinion regarding which WLAN 802.11 standard will become the dominant players in the future . 2. Compare and contrast the FHSS and DSSS in the area of wireless networking? 3. A local engineering group ask you to present your finding on different types of antennas used in wireless technologies. Research on 4 different types of antennas in details and pay specific attention to how they are used as well their strengths and weakness. Provide an opinion regarding which antenna types will become the dominant players in the future. Please submit power point slides in your answer. Answers: Answer 1 There are different technologies of Wireless LAN, such as IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n and so on. These wireless technologies have different merits and demerits. The different aspects of these wireless technology is discussed below- IEEE 802.11a Wireless IEE 802.11a operates in 5-GHZ frequency band. This band is also termed as UNII or Universal Networking Information Infrastructure band. UNII is divided into three parts, UNII-1, UNII-2 and UNII-3. UNII-1 is mainly used for indoor usage, where an antenna is fixed to the radio. UNII-2 on the other hand is used for both indoor and outdoor usage, with the help of either a fixed or a remote antenna; while UNII-3 is only used for outdoor. The maximum speed of 802.11a is 54 mbps and uses OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) for modulation. IEEE 802.11a is therefore, mostly used in WIFI. It shows the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. This standard of wireless technology was released in the year 1999 and has a bandwidth of 20MHZ. IEEE 802.11a makes use of single input and single output technologies of antenna. Outdoor frequency ranges to 5Km within an operating frequency of 3.7G. It is less prone to interference in comparison to 802.11b mainly because of a higher operating frequency (Chakraborty eta al., 2014). The strength is that the data rate in this standard is flexible and offers 12 non-overlapping channels. However, it is somewhat expensive that other standards, which is its major weakness IEEE 802.11b IEEE 802.11b was also released in 1999 and enables a propagation speed of 11 mbps. It operates in 2.4 GHz operating frequency with a bandwidth of 22MHz. It makes use of Direct Sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) modulation technique and employs SISO antenna technology, similar to IEEE 802.11a. This standard is prone to higher interference due to its frequency range, as the frequency range of 2.4 GHz is becoming over crowded with carriers. The indoor range of IEEE 802.11b is 35m while that of outdoor range is 140m (Yuan et al., 2013). The strength is that his technology is less expensive, but has a greater interference, which is one of the major weaknesses. IEEE 802.11g It is a combination of IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b and was released in 2003. It operates in 2.4GHz frequency with a bandwidth of 20MHZ used (Baldi et al., 2013). the maximum speed in 54mbps, which is its major advantage along with the fact that it is compatible with 802.11b. However, it has interference issues as well. IEEE 802.11n It was released in 2009 and uses multiple antennas in transmission and data receive. It employs OFDM modulation technique and supports multiple input and multiple output, which is a key strength of this standard. However, the only weakness is its cost of implementation (Lim, Kim Suh, 2012). Therefore, it can be said that IEEE 802.11n will become a dominant player in future. This is because of the speed and reliability of this standard. This standard provides better service in comparison to the other three standards discussed above. The speed is very high, however, the cost of implementation should be a bit less as it is a major roadblock in evaluation of this standard (Khanduri and Rattan, 2013). Answer 2: FHSS: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum or FHSS is a process by which radio signals are transmitted by rapid interchange or switching of the carriers among the different frequency channels. The radio signals are transmitted across numerous channels with the pseudorandom sequence. The sender and receiver know this sequence. It is defined in 2.4GHz band and is operated in round 79 frequencies that range from 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz (Torrieri, 2015). It is a robust technology and with very less issues of interference from noise and other environmental factors. It finds its usage on cellular or fixed broadband wireless access as in this cases, the use of DSSS is ractically impossible. Furthermore, in FHSS, the number of simultaneously active systems in a single geographic area is higher. Therefore, this technology is mainly used in designs that cover a large area. FHSS systems generally operate in narrow band signals that are mainly located around the different carrier frequencies. Like DSSS, F HSS also retransmits the lost packets until a proper acknowledgement is received across the channel, thus increasing the accuracy of data transfer (Zeng et al., 2012). DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Direct sequence spread spectrum is a transmission technology and is generally used in local area networks. The data signals in DSSS are coupled with an increased data rate sequence, dividing the entire data in different spreading ratios. DSSS is resistant to jamming, which is its major advantage. It furthermore has an advantage of sharing channels among multiple users. It is generally used for transmission of digital signals in order to resist the jamming attempts. A particular stream of information in DSSS is subdivided into a number of small pieces. Data signals at points of transmission are combined in a higher data bit rate sequence in DSSS. If any bits of data is damaged during the transmission, the original data can be easily recovered. The major differences between FHSS and DSSS are as follows (Swamy et al., 2013)- While transmission, FHSS changes the frequency while that of DSSS changes the phase FHSS is considerably easier to synchronize in comparison to DSSS DSS finds its use in positioning system whereas, FHSS is used in cellular or fixed broadband connections. DSS has a short latency time while the latency time in FHSS is higher. DSSS possess no dwell time, whereas the dwell time in FHSS is 400 microsecond DHSS generally has short indoor range and long outdoor range, while in FHSS both indoor and outdoor range is short. The overall data throughput is higher in DSSS in comparison to FHSS (Quyen, Yem Hoang, 2013). The constant processing gain in DSS corresponds to a better signal to noise ratio while in FHSS there is no processing gain. Answer 3: Different types of Antenna References Baldi, M., Bianchi, M., Maturo, N., Chiaraluce, F. (2013). A physical layer secured key distribution technique for IEEE 802.11 g wireless networks.IEEE wireless communications letters,2(2), 183-186.). Chakraborty, U., Kundu, A., Chowdhury, S. K., Bhattacharjee, A. K. (2014). Compact dual-band microstrip antenna for IEEE 802.11 a WLAN application.IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,13, 407-410 Khanduri, R. and Rattan, S.S., 2013. Performance comparison analysis between IEEE 802. 11a/b/g/n standards.International Journal of Computer Applications,78(1). Lim, W. S., Kim, D. W., Suh, Y. J. (2012). Design of efficient multicast protocol for IEEE 802.11 n WLANs and cross-layer optimization for scalable video streaming.IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,11(5), 780-792 Quyen, N. X., Yem, V. V., Hoang, T. M. (2013). A chaos-based direct-sequence/spread-spectrum communication scheme.). Swamy, M.K., Deepthi, M., Mounika, V. and Saranya, R.N., 2013. Performance analysis of DSSS and FHSS techniques over AWGN channel.Development (IJECIERD),3(2), pp.7-14. Torrieri, D. (2015).Principles of spread-spectrum communication systems. Springer. Yuan, W., Wang, X., Linnartz, J. P. M., Niemegeers, I. G. (2013). Coexistence performance of IEEE 802.15. 4 wireless sensor networks under IEEE 802.11 b/g interference.Wireless Personal Communications, 1-22. Zeng, X., Cai, H., Tang, X. and Yang, Y., 2012. A class of optimal frequency hopping sequences with new parameters.IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,58(7), pp.4899-4907.